Pearl Sydenstricker Buck, 1892 - 1973 :: History

garner Sydenstricker Buck, 1892 - 1973Pearl Comfort Sydenstricker was born on June 26, 1892, in Hillsboro, West Virginia. Her parents, Absalom and Caroline Sydenstricker, were Southern Presbyterian missionaries, and were stationed in China. Pearl was the fourth of seven children (and 1 of only 3 who would live until adulthood). Buck was born in the U.S. so she could be a natural U.S. citizen. The Sydenstrickers lived in Chinkiang (Zhenjiang), in Kiangsu (Jiangsu) province. Pearls father spent much time away from home, traveling in the Chinese countryside in search of Christian converts. Pearls mother ministered to Chinese women in a dispensary she created. From childhood, Pearl spoke both English and Chinese. She was taught mainly by her mother and a Chinese tutor, Mr. Kung. Though in 1900 the family returned to the US to continue their lives. In 1910, Pearl enrolled in Randolph-Macon Womans College, in Lynchburg, Virginia, and graduated in 1914. Although she wanted to stay in US, s he returned to China after graduation when she heard that her mother was extremely sick. In 1915, she met John Lossing Buck and they were married in 1917. (The marriage was very unhappy, but it lasted for 18 years.) They immediately moved to Nanhsuchou (Nanxuzhou) in Anhwei (Anhui) province. This is where Pearl gathered poverty laid low(p) material that she would later use in The Good Earth and other stories about China. The Bucks first child, Carol, was born in 1921, but was born with PKU. (A genetic perturb in which the body lacks the enzyme necessary to metabolize phenylalanine to tyrosine. Left untreated, the disorder can cause brain damage and progressive mental retardation as a result of the accumulation of phenylalanine and its breakdown products.) The child became extremely retarded. Then, because of a uterine tumor found during the delivery, Pearl had a hysterectomy. In 1925, she and her husband adopted a baby girl, Janice. From 1920 to 1933, Pearl and Lossing made lived in Nanking (Nanjing), on the campus of the Nanking University, where both had teaching jobs. In 1921, Pearls mother died and shortly after her father moved in with the Bucks. The tragedies which Pearl suffered through out her life reached a climax in March, 1927. In the terrible even called the Nanking Incident. In a confusing battle involving parts of Chiang Kai-sheks nationalistic troops, Communist forces, and assorted warlords, several Westerners were murdered. The Bucks escaped and had an extremely long day hiding, but were finally rescued by American gunboats.

Learning Disabilities Essay -- Disabilities Education Mental Health Es

Learning Disabilities This semester we have spent the majority of our time learning about anddiscussing how we can trounce assist exceptional students. Many of thesestudents are individuals with learning dissabilities. Although it would bedifficult for every teacher to understand the distinctions, symptoms,weaknesses and strengths of every dis capacity, it can be very stabilizing to havea general knowledge of the disabilities that may hinder a students ability tolearn. Unlike other disabilities like paralysis and blindness, a learning hinderance (LD) is a hidden handicap. A learning disability does notdisfigure or leave visible signs that would invite others to be understandingor hug drug support (Council for Exceptional Children (CEC),1999). Therefore asteachers it will be our responsibility to provide that understanding andsupport for those children already diagnosed and also be alert to the exemplificationsigns that may be symptoms of a previously undetected disability. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (NIMH, 1999) describeslearning disabilities as follows LD is a disorder that effects peoples ability to either interpret what they see and hear or to link information from different parts of the brain. These limitations can show up in many ways. As specificdifficulties with spoken and written language, coordination, self-control,or attention. Such difficulties extend to school work and can impedelearning to read or write or to do math. Learning disability can be lifelong conditions that, in some cases,affect many parts of a persons life school or work, daily routines, familylife, and sometimes even friendships. In some people, many overlappinglearning disabilities may be apparent. Other people may have a singleisolated learning problem that has little impact on other areas of theirlives (National Center for Learning Disabilities (NCLD), 1999). It isimportant to remember that the term learning disability does not apply tost udents who have learning problems that are primarily the result of visualor hearing problems, mental retardation, emotional problems, ordisadvantaged cod to their environment, culture or economic background (USDepartment of Education (USDE), 1999). Knowing what constitutes a LD is only the beginning. Diagnosing andtreating a learning disability is not... ...American psychiatric Association (APA 1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edition). Washington DC Author.Council for Exceptional Children Division of Learning Disabilities. (1999). Council for Exceptional Children homepage. On line. open http//www.cec.sped.org/home.htm Council for Learning Disabilities. (1999). Council for Learning Disabilities homepage. On line. for sale http/ www. coe.winthrop. edu/cldLearning Disabilities Association on America. (1998). Learning Disabilities Association on America homepage. Online. Available http//www.ldanatl.orgNational Center for Learning Disabili ties. (1999). National Center for Learning Disabilities homepage. Online. Available http//www.ncld.orgNational Institute of Mental Health. (1999). National Institute of Mental Health homepage. Online. Available http//www.nimh.nih.gov/home.htmThe International Dyslexia Association. (1999). The International Dyslexia Association homepage. Online. Available http.interdys.orgU. S. Department of Education. (1999). Individuals with Disabilities Education number homepage. Online. Available http//www.ed.gov/

Criminal Acts in Sport :: essays research papers

Criminal Acts in Sport Getting Away With MurderIntroductionThe amount of crimes that go past in and around sports has been a growing topic of conversation over the snuff it decade in our society. Sports participants and spectators alike mystify been committing crimes on far much frequent basis over the last few years and in the minds of some, this is an government issue that is getting or has gotten out of hand. There is a question that is asked by some, Where does part of the game become a crime? as well as Why are sports the cause of so much aggression? This and many other questions relating to crime, in and around sports, are seeking an answer that may neer be completely resolved.When examining the issue of woeful acts in sports it is easy to throw that on that point are many places where these acts occur. The range of these acts is far more vast than expert in the professional arenas. This is, however, what the public sees and hears about most often. While this is 1 of the major topics of this paper, criminal acts are found in all of sport ranging from professionals, to college, laid-back school, and in youth sports, including the reaction of the fans. This paper will take an in-depth odour at the four major points regarding criminal acts in sport the acts themselves the consequences of those acts the possible reasons for the acts occurring an compendium of a few major events that have occurred and the possible solutions to the problem of criminal acts in sport. In the variance about fan reaction to sport, there will be an overall account of the individual acts and not personal cases payable to the overload of personal events that occur. During the evaluation of the events in each topic area there are some legal terms that may need to be defined. These terms may also be defined differently depending on the narrate that the event occurs in. At the end of this paper there is a joust of definitions that describe what a certain legal action could mean. All forms of government belief these definitions similarly, however, each state may have differing consequences for each of the crimes.Professional Sports footIn the world of professional sports there are many criminal acts that are committed both on and off the playing surface. In this section we are going to look at a few cases where criminal acts have occurred.Criminal Acts in Sport essays research papersCriminal Acts in Sport Getting Away With MurderIntroductionThe amount of crimes that occur in and around sports has been a growing topic of conversation over the last decade in our society. Sports participants and spectators alike have been committing crimes on far more frequent basis over the last few years and in the minds of some, this is an issue that is getting or has gotten out of hand. There is a question that is asked by many, Where does part of the game become a crime? as well as Why are sports the cause of so much aggression? This and many other question s relating to crime, in and around sports, are seeking an answer that may never be completely resolved.When examining the issue of criminal acts in sports it is easy to realize that there are many places where these acts occur. The range of these acts is far more vast than just in the professional arenas. This is, however, what the public sees and hears about most often. While this is one of the major topics of this paper, criminal acts are found in all of sport ranging from professionals, to college, high school, and in youth sports, including the reaction of the fans. This paper will take an in-depth look at the four major points regarding criminal acts in sport the acts themselves the consequences of those acts the possible reasons for the acts occurring an analysis of a few major events that have occurred and the possible solutions to the problem of criminal acts in sport. In the section about fan reaction to sport, there will be an overall account of the individual acts and not personal cases due to the overload of personal events that occur. During the evaluation of the events in each topic area there are some legal terms that may need to be defined. These terms may also be defined differently depending on the state that the event occurs in. At the end of this paper there is a list of definitions that describe what a certain legal action could mean. All forms of government view these definitions similarly, however, each state may have differing consequences for each of the crimes.Professional SportsINTRODUCTIONIn the world of professional sports there are many criminal acts that are committed both on and off the playing surface. In this section we are going to look at a few cases where criminal acts have occurred.

Hybrid Cars Essay -- Gasoline Electric Hybrid Automobiles

Want to buy a hybrid car? learn the facts.You may be correct in thinking that you should buy a hybrid car or SUV, but are you thinking you need it for the secure reasons? Kevin Ransoms oblige Reasons to buy a hybrid or not updated on CNNs website in January 28, discusses many aspects consumers should consider when thinking to the highest degree buying a hybrid vehicle. He makes good points, but he needs some better iodins to convince me.Ransom is making an argument with skunk of statistics for buying a hybrid and trying at the same time to give you somewhat of a counterargument against buying a hybrid. He never takes a clear bias, but leaves many questions come out in the open. One example of this is his lack of comparing a Prius with anything. Also he claims that hybrids are definitely one of the waves of the future. Does he mean they are a link to the future with ten times better innovations coming in the near future? This link needs to become cost effective if he thinks this is moving forward.He tells us that one school of thought is that it could take years for a consumer to break even so on the amount saved in fuel costs. This is definitely true considering if the price difference between base models of a Toyota civil and a Civic Hybrid being $18,710 and $22,600 respectively. That is a difference of $3,890 with the only major standard equipment difference being a navigation screen most users opt out from getting in the first place Also, the base model Ford Escape and base Escape Hybrid are priced at $20,140 and $27,445 respectively. That is a walloping difference of $7,305. We will come back to the issue of cost, but now we will move on to the environment and how it is affected.Ransoms first major point of interest is the fact t... ... cost of replacement will fall onto the customer. The costs of replacement the battery packs range from $2,000 to $5,000 depending on the model. This piece of information would be very important to include in Ran soms article if he is trying to compare and contrast benefits of having a hybrid. Because the article appeared in a journalistic setting, the author is trying to appeal to a general audience by using language that is to formal or informal. The genre is an opinionated article with statistics that he uses trying to sway readers and influence their thoughts In Conclusion, if Ransom is trying to persuade the general public that is a good idea to buy a hybrid at this time, he is going to need to use more conclusive evidence that proves it is worth the setbacks.Works CitedRansom, Kevin. http//www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/01/28/buy.hybrid/index.html

The Rock :: essays research papers

nothing (III.iii.75). Happy with Othellos answer, Desdemona leaves the garden and Iago, entirely once again with Othello, continues his flagitious machinations. He asks if Cassio knew about Othellos love for Desdemona from the beginning of their courtship. Othello says yes and adds that Cassio even served as a matchmaker for the two and "went between them very oft". Iago shows deep concern and subtly hints that Cassios ulterior motive had been all along to engage in an affair with Desdemona. Iago plays upon Othellos insecurities, reminding him that Cassio is younger and more handsome and is a white Venetian citizen. It does not distri savee long before Othello is convinced of Desdemonas betrayal. He chooses the words of Iago over his trust in his wife, and declares "my relief must be to loathe her." (III.iii.268). Desdemona enters with Emilia to call Othello for supper. He tries to hide his inner turmoil but Desdemona can tell that he is troubled. He complains tha t he has a headache. She pulls out a handkerchief embroidered with strawberries and lovingly puts it to his head, but he pushes it away and it falls to the ground. Othello insists she not bother picking it up, and he tells her that he is ready for supper. For some time Iago has asked Emilia to steal Desdemonas handkerchief and now, alone in the garden, she has the opportunity. Hiding it in her pocket, Emilia wonders what Iagos intentions are for the handkerchief. Iago enters and Emilia proudly shows him the handkerchief. He calls her a "good wench" and she asks him for what purpose will he social function it. He refuses to tell her and she leaves on his command. Once alone, Iago reveals what Emilia desired to know I will in Cassios lodging lose this napkin/And let him surface it" (III.iii.321-2). Othello returns from his short supper and he is distraught to say the least "Farewell, tranquil mind" (III.iii.350). Desdemonas treachery consumes his thoughts and he lashes out at Iago, demanding immediate proof of her betrayal.

Essay --

Morgan Phelps Phelps 1Mr. PickettPeriod 3March 14, 2014 Many people dont realize that wo workforce rescue never been fully respected and taken serious. Women all around admit never been treated equal or tending(p) the same responsibilities as men because of their gender. Women in this country and many others, have non been given the right to vote. They have never been fully respected in the workplace by their co-workers or employers. Women have non always been given the freedom in their professional choices.They again have never been free to be who they want to be in life. in that respect is all kinds of things that women can not do because of their gender but things are slowly changing for the better. Unlike most men, women have not always been given the opportunity to vote. Before the 1920s women were not allowed to vote (www.history.com). Rarely did you ever see women who had a line of reasoning.The average daily life of a wo men would consist of cooking, cleaning and taking care of the kids. They had no affirm in anything and did what their husbands told them to do. It was not only like this in the United States, but other Phelps 2 places, like Canada and New Zealand (teacher.scholastic.com). Women lived like this until a group of women cute a change. There was one women who went above and beyond to get equality for all women. This women was Susan B. Anthony. She was raised in a Quaker family (believed in equal rights for men and women) and supported the womens rights movement. She did everything in her power to grant equality. Anthony casts ballots and even came up with a Declaration of Rights for Women (World Book, Womens Rights to Vote). She was devote... ...gh they did the same amount of work as the men. There is still some of that in todays society but women are standing up for equal pay and slowly gaining it. They were also told they could not be whatever they wanted to be just because of their gender. They also said that they were not qualified enough, only men could do that job. Women have stepped up and gotten the job they have always wanted. There is still inequality but the world is Phelps 7realizing that women and men are all equal and discrimination is not the answer. Women have truly changed our world and our lives forever. www.biography.comwww.brainyquote.comwww.history.comwww.huffingtonpost.comwww.scholastic.comwww.summer.harvard.comteacher.scholastic.comwww.wgea.gov.euWomens Right to Vote, World Bookwww.ourdocuments.com

Political Party Essay

1. Political Party group of individuals who seek to control disposal through winning elections. 2. Plurality the largest number of votes cast for the office 3. incumbent current officeholder4. Splinter Parties those individuals who draw set out away from unmatched of the study ruinies 5. Major Parties American Politics, Re cosmosan and representative parties 6. Bipartisan two major parties find common ground, in this endeavor. 7. Electorate the volume eligible to vote.8. Precinct smallest unit of election administration the voters in each precinct report to one polling argona. 9. Partisanship secure lading to a political society is the source for government action. 10. Pluralistic Society contains of several diverse cultures and groups. 11. Ideological Parties those based on particular sets of beliefs.12. Two-Party organisation in an election, only Re state-supportedan or Democratic Partys outlooks have a realistic chance of winning public office. 13. Consensus a ecumeni cal agreement among various groups- on fundamental matters. 14. Single-issue parties concentrate on only one public-policy matter.Questions15. What is the major function of a political party? Political parties practise four essential functions and in serving these functions, the parties allow the United States to more shut downly approach the ideal of democracy. The first and well-nigh important function of an American party is to organize elections by nominating prognosiss and seeking office. 17. Briefly explain two ways in which American Government is government by party? champion reason for the two party systems is that the Electoral College is winner-takes-all, preventing 3rd parties from gaining power.An another(prenominal) one is to ensure the voters that they can take action towards the government through their selected party. 20. How is the ideological consensus of the American electorate reflected in the membership of the major parties? Since the beginning of the USA thither has been a general consensus on many of the major issues. This is not to say that Americans have everlastingly agreed on every matter. The nation has been deeply divided for many years at a time.21. (a) Which political party was the first to appear in the new United States? (b) Who was its leader and what type of government did it favor? -Hamilton and other leaders who wanted a strong central government banded unneurotic to put over their policies. In 1787 they began calling themselves the Federalists. This was the first United States political party. 24. What unusual feature characterizes the present era of political party dominance? The Democratic Party hired organizers chosen by the state parties in every state, so democrats could win the elections. 25. Briefly describe the four types of tiddler parties. The four types of minor parties consist of the ideological parties, the single-issue parties, the economic protest parties and the splinter parties. 26. Historically , what have been the most important roles of minor parties? Briefly explain one of these roles. -To give more immunity of expression and to make sure that there is not one party stronger than another. The Election of 1912 Roosevelt created The Progressive Party a.k.a. the Bull Moose Party.27. Why is the party in power more cohesive than the opposition party? -Republicans all believe the exact same thing word for word, making them far more cohesive, and brainwashed, so the democrats who have their own individual intuitive feelings and beliefs. 29. List and explain four factors that have contributed to the present weakened state of the major parties. A sharp drop in the number of voters willing to identify themselves as republicans or democrats, and a growing number who regard themselves as independents. A big increase in split ticket voting-voting for candidates of disparate parties for different offices at the same election. Various structural changes and reforms that have made the parties more open, but have also led to great internal conflict and disorganization. These changes range from the introduction of the direct primary in the early 1900s to the more recent and far-reaching changes in campaign finance laws. Changes in the engineering science of campaigning for office-especially the heavy use of television and of the Internet, professional campaign managers, anddirect-mail advertisingCh.715. Nomination the naming of those who will seek office16. Closed Primary party nominating where declared party members can vote 17. Precinct a voting district18. Soft Money used for party building activities given by the local anesthetic state. 19. General Election regularly scheduled elections at which voters make the selection of officeholders 20. Open Primary any qualified voter can take part in this nomination 21. Ballot a device were voter registers a choice in a election 22. Hard Money campaign capital that is subject to regulation by the FEC23. Caucus is a group of like-minded people who meet to select the candidates they will support in an upcoming election. 24. Absentee balloting voting by those unable to attend the polling place 25. Political Action Committee political groups which have a major take on public policy 26. Direct Primary is an intra-party election27. Coattail Effect when a strong candidate helps other candidates in the election by parties ticket. 28. Subsidy grant of bills from the governmentQuestions12. What are the five broad categories that describe the way most nominations are made? Self-announcement Caucus Convention Direct primary Petition15. apologize the arguments for and against the closed primary. -The arguments for a closed primary believe that the votes will be fairer and against the closed primary believe it violates the Constitution, which I personally believe it does. 16. What is the overall nominate and importance of election law in the American political process? -The overall purpose is that a ll people have an equal chance to accede in the political process equally.20. Describe recent technological advances and changes that make it easier for Americans to vote. Major technological advancements that have affected musical performances include the Compact Disc, the television, and most ofall, the radio. 21. Briefly describe the role and importance of money in the election process. -Financial donations to a candidates campaign allow the campaign to purchase advertising, signs, and to turn on for campaigning.22. (a) send five types of hidden donors to political campaigns. (b) Why might these individuals and groups wish to contribute money to political candidates? -Donors to political campaigns are PACs, 527s, parties, use up groups, and private citizens. ACs diddle by raising money from people employed by a corporation or in a trade union.These are called connected PACs and they seldom ask for donations from the general public although legally they are free to do so. 2 3. Outline the limitation placed on individual and PAC contributions to the federal candidate and political parties. -No person can give more than $2,100 to any federal candidate in a primary election, and no more than $2,100 to and federal candidates general election campaign.Also, no person can give more than $5,000 in any year to a political action committee, or %26,700 to a national party committee. The total of any persons contributions to federal candidates and committees now must be limited to no more than $101,400 in an election cycle.24. (a) How does a candidate for President qualify for public funding? (b) What rules must candidates follow if they accept public funds? To qualify for public funding, presidential candidates and party convention committees must first meet various eligibility requirements, such as agreeing to limit campaign outgo to a specified amount 25. Identify and explain the three major loopholes in todays federal election-money statues.-Campaign financ e loopholes include soft money contributions to parties by unions and corporations, independent expenditure is spending by someone outside a campaign that is not coordinated with the campaign and volunteer activity.Ch. 829. Public Affairs politics, public issues, and making of public policies 30. Public Opinion Poll devices that attempt to collect information by asking questions 31. Sound Bite snappy reports that can be aired in 30 or 45 seconds or so 32. Public Opinion those attitudes help by a significant number of people on matters of government 33. Sample a representative slice of the total universe34. Mass Media communication that reaches large widely spread audiences simultaneously 35. Random Sample chance slice of the total universe36. Interest Group private organizations whose members share certain views and work to shape public policy 37. Quota Sample sample by design constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given universe Questions11. Why is it in correct to say that public opinion represents the single, undivided view of the American people? Public opinion is a complex collection of the opinions of many different people. It is the sum of all of their views. It is not the single and undivided view of some chew mind. 12. Why are the influences of education and family so powerful in development of political attitudes? The influence of education and family is so powerful because these are our most canonical and strong concerns in this type of society. 13. Besides education and family, what other forces help influence public opinion in American society? There are many other forces, including mass media especially internet and cable T.V. They have a great influence currently.I find that particularly have-to doe withing that these influences have co-opted some more traditional elements of the culture, especially books, newspapers, and face-to-face interactions within primary groups. 14. Name at least three ways in which public opinion can be expressed. -Radio, newspaper, television17. What is the most reliable means of measuring public opinion? The Sample Survey is regarded as the best way to sum public opinion today, although it has its faults and detractors. Most people today use the internet to give their opinion so no one can really flier the exact number. 20. What factors can make a public opinion poll less than completely accurate? Polls get less accurate if there are lots of possible answers to a question instead of a simple yes/no. A good example of this is asking people which one of the dozen or so presidential candidates in each party they support. The error margin will be a higher for this question than for the crotch hair question above.21. (a) What are the four major sources of political information in theUnited States? (b) List at least one advantage of each source. -Television broadcasts nation-wide to the American people-Newspaper principally carry political news, and news of indepen dence -Radio exposed the American people to national and international politics as never before. -Magazines generally devoted to literature and the social graces 23. Explain the impact of the mass media on the public agenda. The mass media can impact public agenda by selectively reporting news and covering only one side of a story. 24. What is the impact of the mass media on electoral politics?-Most of the media wish to get justify of the Electoral College due to the idea that we no longer need someone else to vote for us. Thus, deciding the president of the United States. 25. What factors limit the impact of the mass media on American politics? -Language may be seen as a political factor in mass media, particularly in instances where a society is characterized by a large number of languages spoken by its populace. The choice of language of mass media may represent a bias towards the group most belike to speak that language, and can limit the public participation by those who do n ot speak the language.Ch. 938. Public Policy goals for the government and pursues at it attempts to spend a penny these goals 39. Propaganda a technique of persuasion aimed at influencing individual or group behaviors 40. Trade Association segments of the business community also have their own interest groups 41. Lobbying usually defined as those activities by which group nips are brought to bear on legislators 42. Labor Union an organization of workers who share the same type of parentage or who work in the industry 43. Public-Interest group a group that seeks to institute certain public policies Questions12. Why are interest groups sometimes called pressure groups or special interests? Generally, because they represent a specific segment of the overall population. Not everyone is handicapped, so an interest group representing them would be a special interest group because bills/policies affecting them would not affect the general population16. How do interest groups add an ele ment to the checks-and-balances feature of the political process? They keep close tabs on the work of various public agencies andofficials and thus help to make sure that they perform their tasks in responsible and effective ways. 18. Into what category do most interest groups fall? Interest groups use advocacy and lobbying to influence public policy without seeking election to office. This puts them under the category of lobbyist. 19. What is the difference between private and public interest groups? -Public interest groups are those whose membership and, in some cases, investments are open to the general public.Private are essentially clubs with closed memberships and whose proceeding are shielded from both public and government scrutiny. 20. (a) On what kinds of issues do labor groups generally agree? (b) On what kinds of issues might labor interests have different consigns of view? -Wages, Health Insurance, Family Leave, etc. Most labor groups may want to have certain rights o f their unions before they work for a higher salary, while other groups may value a raise in salary more.23. What are the goals of a propagandist? Propagandists (i.e. advertisers, persuaders and even brainwashers) are interested in influencing others to agree with their point of views. 25. At what stages of policymaking must lobbyists be involved? -Lobbying is done at later stages of policy making. The lobbyist imparts her information with the help of graphs, charts, polls, and reports that she has hunted up or created.

Money management Essay

Ever since trading began, bullion existed, thus, it can be said that bills and trading co-exists. The soonest form of property is actually very different from what we argon using nowadays in this modern world. The history of money begins around 2500 years ago. cash is any clearly identifiable object of set that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts within a market or which is legal tender within a country. BarterBarter is a system of stand in in which goods or services are directly change for former(a) goods and services. No money is ingested in work system as it does not involve the process of buying and selling. Although there is no separate pointing towards a society or economy relies solely on barter system, it is believed that barter stapleally dominated the pre-historical world and at that time, people would just exchange things according to necessity. Thus, barter system can be said to be a primitive form of money as it contr ibutes towards the birth of money. There are several complications of barter system Absence of common measure of value In a monetary economy, money plays the role of a measure of value of all goods, so their values can be measured against severally other this role may be absent in a barter economy. Indivisibility of certain goods If a person wants to buy a certain amount of anothers goods, but only has for payment one indivisible tout ensemble of another good which is worth more than what the person wants to obtain, a barter transaction cannot occur.Lack of standards for deferred payments This is related to the absence of a common measure of value, although if the debt is denominated in units of the good that will eventually be used in payment, it is not a difficulty. Difficulty in storing wealth If a society relies exclusively on perishable goods, storing wealth for the future may be impractical. However, some barter economies rely on durable goods like pigs or cattle for this purpose. Adapted from Wikipedia contention of the problemIt was discovered that only a small portion among university students actually know how to manage their money well. Most of university students are still struggling with basic money management. They do not have enough of a handle on their cash flow to spend less than they get from their loans. In other words, poor money management such as overspending is the main cause of this problem among the university students.PurposeThe purposes of the study is to investigate money management of the students in UniSZA.Objectives1) To investigate the way of the students in UniSZA spend their money 2) To determine the main cause of monetary problem for students in UniSZA. 3) To suggest the ways to solve monetary problems approach by students in UniSZA by providing them with the best money management plan.Research questions1) How do the students in UniSZA spend their money?2) What is the main cause of monetary problem for students in UniSZ A 3) How can the problems faced by students in UniSZA be solved?Significance of the StudyIt is an undeniable fact that university purport and normal daily life do have differences when it comes to money management. The author of the article wrote that university students should be taught the value of money as they will be earning their own very soon. This is true. University is a sharpness that separates us from the real world, the working world. Without proper management of wealth, especially for students, it could spell disaster. Not only there would be butterflies flying out the purse and holes existence burnt in the wallet, bank account could also stumble to single digit and finally naught.Things might get worst when they enter the society without erudite concerning money management and if this situation occurs, their bright future might be at stake and this could jeopardize their chances to succeedin life. Thus, financial management should beget early, when theres still mo ney in the bank account for one to manage. For students in UniSZA like us, we might often be bothered by monetary problems. We dont know where our money went to.Well, they do not just disappear into the thin air, nor would they escape from our wallet, thus, we must know where we spent our money on so that we can geld down on expenses and inculcate proper financial management. As university students, therere a few money management skills that should be practiced and here are some explanations that may provide some insight or clues for one to properly manage his or her money so as to get the most out of ones money. 1 Have a plan for itTheres a saying goes, those who fail to plan, plans to fail. Thus, proper money management starts with a plan for our money. For the study loan such as PTPTN, bursary or JPA scholarship received each semester, we should have a plan for it so that everything would go on smoothly.Knowing the debits and credits is equally important here and tracking our ow n expenses is surely a must as we can track all the unneeded stuff we bought by keeping the receipt of the things weve bought and later revise on our spending to cut down expenditure. Getting ourselves organized and preparing and jotter to jot down our expenditure is also a brilliant idea. 2 Understand our financial aid and financial positioningAs university students, one of the best steps towards proper financial management may be to add up all our income and also the money well need to fork out. Income includes the money allowance given by the governments, student loan, scholarships, bursaries etc. Bursaries, on the other hand offers RM 2550 for bursary recipients. Bursary is actually money given to students as a kind of financial aid. In this content, bursary is eligible for students who got 9A+ and above in their SPM. Besides, we can also look out for scholarships such as JPA. By being informed of our financial status, we can look into every nook and cranny of our daily life t o save money.Take ATM machines for example, it may charge loosen holder of other banks some additional fee whenever transaction is made, thus, by being aware of this, we can take the measurements needed and save money. We should also be circumspect towards burglary as that is the worst possible way for one to losemoney. 3 Use the available tools towards our benefitWe should also use the benefits meant for students to our advantage. When buying books, going for a movie and buying food, for example, we can produce discount cards exclusive for students in order to enjoy discounts. Though its not a whole lot of money were saving, it could sum up to a considerable amount of money over time. For example, Kad siswa which was launched a few years ago provides card holders with a plethora of discounts in almost anything. Besides, 1 Malaysia book voucher is another tool available that would be of great help in our money management.Scope of StudyThe report will cover the methodology for mon ey management of students in UniSZA. Survey and research will be done in order to get the results before discussion about the findings. The main points of the report will be summed up as the conclusion and some suggestions for solving monetary problems faced by students in UniSZA will be found.

Bulgarian Identity and Folklore

The tapestry of a Bulgarians keep is interwoven with the countrys rich and prismatic federation of tribeslore, songs and dances, varied festivals and witty proverbs. The phratry nuance which has been preserved through the centuries is an intrinsic part of a Bulgarians daily activities. The spirit and personal identicalness of a Bulgarian is entwined with the kin group customss and customs, as it forges and shapes his way of thinking.Also, a history of suffering low the puff rule and coming through it with their identity intact, adds a special(a) dimension to the people of Bulgaria, packing power to the motto unity makes strength. The courage that the idyll community displayed in clinging to their cultural identity, under the Turkish yoke, united them to debate for their freedom. The determi people that they displayed in preserving their identity under extremely oppressive conditions, tells us why the modern Bulgarian army never lost a flag.This seek will commencemen t exercise learn what identity means to a Bulgarian and then move on to study the historic occurrences that shaped the Bulgarian identity as it is today. It will explore how Bulgarian identity has survived over the centuries and how the folklore traditions in its entirety, bonds Bulgarians scattered all over the universe of discourse to their motherland. This essay will also forget a glimpse into the Bulgarian folk culture including festivals, rituals, proverbs mythology and medical specialty, which have kept the Bulgarian identity and spirit alive round the world even today.Shaping the identity In 19th century Eastern Europe, the emerging nation-states dep oddityed on their peasant traditions, which had survived foreign invasion and dominance, to form an definite idea of what they s tood for. According to Herder, every nation is an organic entity with its own native cultural institutions and pure spirit which atomic form 18 best reflected in the folk poetry of the peasants. If a nation is to seek policy-making sovereignty, it must find its pure spirit and build its future on the cultural traditions of the past.The native peasants were thus viewed as the soul of the nation, and folklore their legitimate expression. For the people of Bulgaria, their folk culture was also a weapon, which they use as an inspiration to unite and fight for their freedom. The Haidouk folk songs ab out(p) the heroes who hid in the mountains and form a band of second fighters influenced the people of Bulgaria to join the bands and fight against the oppression of the turks, which tells us how powerful folklore is.Today, folk culture in Bulgaria is carefully preserved and readyn forward with government-sponsorship, through dissimilar organizations and festivals. The government understands that folk culture, with its vital music and traditions, is what keeps Bulgarians together, no matter where they are. For the Bulgarian community, the traditions will always remain a part o f life. The beliefs, knowledge, traditions and value system muted plays a major part in social and cultural interaction.This explains why ethnic discourse is so often objectified in folk culture events in Bulgaria, and why folk texts of various kinds are so widely used in it. In fact everyday life is dominated by the folklore traditions because they are regarded as a system of values, norms, texts, patterns and technologies. According to William R Bascom, ethnomusicologist, folklore serves to sanction and validate religious, social, political and economic institutions and plays an important role as an educative device in its transmission from one generation to another.He at that placefore suggests that folklore must be examined in better detail and care, because it gives us a clearer picture of the facts that shapes the destiny of a culture. by dint of the oral traditions of folklore, hundreds of songs, legends, rituals and tales are handed down to the present. Traditions that g o back to Slavic antiquity are s work on alive today, for example, the ritual sharing of sweetened shuck to commemorate the death of a loved one, forty geezerhood after his decease.Another tradition, this one peculiar to the Bulgarians, is the exchange of martenici. According to which, the year begins on March first (mart is Bulgarian for March). As part of the tradition, a red string, is attached to childrens wrists as well as animals necks and tails to combat evil. This is one of the most fashionable custom among Bulgarians world-wide. On this day a string is offered to each member of the family and to all of ones friends, in order to bring them health and gladness passim the year.Another unique aspect of Bulgaria which differentiates it from the rest of the world is its special voice. It is said that there is nothing in this world to match the Bulgarian voice, which is why a Bulgarian folk song performed by Valya Balkanska was recorded on a g centenarian CD and sent aboard the Voyager to be the earths embassador in alien worlds. Bulgarian folksongs too are singular in nature.There might be a folk song for every occasion from theater work to harvest, from birth to a funeral, for any stage of life that you skunk think of, but they are not repetitive and Bulgarian music stay exceptional. The folk songs and the dances afford a rich background for the understanding of the spirit, that kept alive, the spark of field feeling for over five hundred years under foreign occupation.The unconscious pictures that people create of themselves are more authentic and more accurate than any other source that we can secure and the Bulgarian peasant through the medium of folklore has painted a picture of what he considers important. Folklore customs aside, in Bulgaria the official historic pillars of identity are three, chosen by the government, for their various positive and shining qualities. First of all the Protobulgarians warriors, who defeated the superpower Byzantium and established a state on its land in the 7th century.Secondly the Slavs industrious, egalitarian, freedom-loving people, useable in times of pro-Russian orientation and finally the Thracian ancestors ancient, wise, peaceful. It was the Thracians who contributed the Kukeri traditions and the ever-popular day of Baba Marta. The Slavs are said to have created the traditional circular Bulgarian folk dances and the lucky number three. Without knowing it, these centuries-old civilizations worked together to create a modern culture for their descendants.Today, Bulgarians consider both the Slavs and the Thracians to be their ancestors. However, history proves that the more primitive Thracians were here first. If we look into the figures that can be associated with the Bulgarian identity, the Balkan mountains and the Balkan lion stand out, both for obvious lands. The Balkans appear as symbols of shelter in many folk songs for the haidouks, the venerated resistance-fighters, who in turn were the symbol of Bulgarias urge for national liberty.The Balkan lion as the epitome of Bulgarias victorious spirit too appeared in the first national hymn of the country, composed by Nikola Zhivkov . disdain decades of oppression or maybe because of it, the Bulgarians have an identity that is rich and vital. The concept of this identity stands on the stable foundation of a folk culture which incorporates strength, humor, wisdom, music as well as a unique and varied mythology.But, there is another school of thought which begs to differ in the matter of Balkan stability and provides a different suggest of view. Always traumatic and unstable, Balkan reality invites discourses of domination. Within this asymmetrical system of antagonisms and co-operation, stereotypes of Balkan nature emerge as identities. It is said that the Balkan identity has been a unwavering channeling tool in the cultural exorcism of civilized Europe.The challenge for Balkan scholars, though they desire a modern non-ethnic identity, is to resist the lure of globalization. But, since the Balkan countries lack what it takes, the regions best resistance to globalization is to foster an alliance of cultural critics across ethnic and professional lines. A window to the Bulgarian history History tells us that the Bulgarians are Asiatic in origin. Kinsmen of the Huns and Avars whose earlier raids had greatly disturbed the peace-loving Slavs.The Bulgarians were the first Asiatic people who established a permanent home in Balkania. They effected the conquest of the Slavs, but in the course of about two centuries were absorbed by the more numerous race, and generally lost their identity. Intermarriage and mix of blood modified the physical type of the Bulgars. They lost their language and were converted to the same type of Greek Orthodox Christianity as the Slavs. They adopt the same Cyrillic alphabet and became thoroughly Slavicized.Nothing but the name Bulgarian remains to associ ate them with their Asiatic forebears. In the tenth century, Bulgaria came under the direct control of Byzantium, but corned its independence in 1197 after a long struggle. The Bulgarian ruler at the time, Kalojan, set the seal on this victory in 1204 by having himself enthrone the King of Bulgaria by a papal envoy. The second Bulgarian state thus inaugurated lasted until the Ottoman conquest, which took place in 1393. After that, the country ceasedto exist as a separate entity until the nineteenth century. Whatever Bulgarian culture survived through this period did so behind the protective walls of monasteries. Turkish rule lasted five centuries and is viewed by Bulgarian scholars as the darkest period in the history of the Bulgarian people. The Bulgarians were the last of the Balkan peninsula to attain their liberation. Perhaps because of the proximity to Constantinople, the hand of the Turk was felt more heavily in Bulgaria than elsewhere.The nevertheless thing that continue d was the village system in which the peasants were allowed to handle their own affairs. Oppressive, too, was the domination of the Phanariote clergy. This was even worse than the civil oppression of the Turks, because the clergy pursued a systematic policy of obliterating all evidences of Bulgarian culture and literature. In 1825, Illarion, the Greek Metropolitan of Tirnovo, made a bonfire of the old library of the Bulgarian Patriarchate, which till then had survived all the vicissitudes of the Turkish era.So thoroughly was this accomplished that the Bulgarians had actually passed out of the cognisance of Europe till the beginning of the nineteenth century. Bulgarian schools were closed, manuscripts were destroyed, and with the extinction of the Bulgarian archbishopric of Ochrida, the last stronghold of the old national Church, to which the Bulgarians had clung tenaciously, disappeared. It seemed that nothing could save the Bulgarians from complete Hellenization.Early in the ninet eenth century, however, signs of a literary and cultural renaissance, the invariable prelude to a revival of nationalism, began to appear in Bulgaria. From the study of their past, the Bulgarians discovered their true identity and then went on to fight for it. Bulgarias chequered history, the points where it differs from the rest of the Europe and the fact that it serves to protect Europe from the imminent Islamic invasion also shapes its identity.Bulgarian historians, who also serve as national ideologists, always point out that it shields and protects Europe a role that Europe is expected to understand and appreciate. Also the point here is to prove that Bulgaria was a cradle of European culture and that its history is intrinsically affiliated with Europes development. Interestingly enough, at the same time historians take pride in matters that actually separate Bulgaria from the West European cultural tradition the fact that it adopted the Cyrillic alphabet, and did not accept Roman Catholicism.The history of the country, which was conquered by the Turks in 1396, but managed to preserve its specific Slavic cultural and national identity throughout the five centuries, until 1878, when its European identity re-emerged, is stressed repeatedly. Folk culture In the field of culture, a long hard battle had to be waged against the Greeks, who by reason of their domination of the Church, gained a stranglehold on Bulgarian culture and even on the Bulgarian language.There was thus very little cultural advance until the end of eighteenth century, and it is small wonder that until recently Bulgaria was regarded as a very backward country. After the collapse of the Bulgarian Empire and its subsequent absorption into the Ottoman lands, the cultural level of Bulgaria reached an impasse. But soon a striking development of folk songs was noticed throughout the region. In the western part of the country these were largely epic, connected with the Serb epic unit of ammuni tions.These songs have a greater connection with the historical events that they purport to recount. The songs of the western region were less poetic, sober and realistic. In the east, however lyrical songs predominated. It was in such a condition, where traces of the popular language were slowly making their way into the written forms of Church Slavonic, that modern literature came into being and inspired national resurgence. Bulgarian folklore, mythology and festivals Bulgarian folklore exhibits a certain duality in nature.On the one hand, folklore is displayed as a spiritual expression of an agrarian type of society, where the central point is to recreate the annual farming cycle and the human life cycle in a tradition, based on folklore ritualism. On the other hand, it is permeated by the historical time of the Bulgarians. The interpretation of this time has found its most imposing expression in the Bulgarian heroic epic, similar to the epical sagas of other cultures.Furthermor e, mythology too pops out from every nook and cranny in Bulgaria, in seemingly unlikeliest of places. Bulgarian mythology, with its in vampires and goblins, samodivi and dragons, endless tales with fantastic plots, for example in A Lad Outruns the Sun, A Maiden Outshines the Sun makes the Bulgarian culture such a rich and interesting one. It is amazing the way in which the Bulgarian folklore, mythology and festivals along with dance, music and various(a) rituals come together in a holistic manner.They connect the spiritual growth of the Bulgarians with the cultural traditions of the other Balkan nations, irrespective of their religious identification and independent ethnic history. It could be said that when all these three elements come together, it reveals, a profound relationship with the Bulgarian daily experience and historical destiny. Somewhere the smaller events of life fall together in harmony to make the big picture.Among rituals and ceremonies, marriage and the continu ity of the community is arguably the most important theme in the Bulgarian calendar, along with farm-re slowd rituals. All festivals stress on these two points one way or the other. The most popular marriage-related ritual is the contrasting mid-winter and spring- time ceremonies for males and females respectively. For example, unmarried teenaged lads, on 24 December, after midnight, visit each and every house, forming bands called koledari or survakari and sing songs with an intricate mythical content.Similarly in the springtime, the maidens form ritual groups of girls, known as lazarki , perform a specific repertory full of tragic themes. In this context, the Bulgarian masquerade ritualism is very rich. The lazarki and koledari rituals are female and male life cycle initiations respectively. They prepare the males and females for the stage of matrimony. To elaborate on the theme, let us list a few festivals and rituals that allows us a glimpse into the two big wheels of folk life life and farm cycle.The festivals in Bulgaria are innumerous and definitely merit a section of their own. According to ethnographers, the overall number of Bulgarian mirthful rites exceeds 11,000 a plentitude of customs accompanying Bulgarian peoples lives from the cradle to the grave. Here are a few popular festivals celebrated in Bulgaria. The Martenitsa Tradition Baba Marta, naan Marta This is by far the most popular festival of Bulgarians and is celebrated world-wide by Bulgarians. This is a unique Bulgarian custom which originates from the ancient Thracians.The earliest martenitsas were made of unclouded and red woolen threads to which a silver or gold coin was occasionally tied. Other rituals observed on March 1 acknowledge women dressing all over in red and in North-eastern Bulgaria, the lady of the house would toss a red cloth over a harvesting tree or pass on red wool onto a field to secure fertility. In stock-breeding areas, a white-and-red thread was commonly ti ed to the livestock. The tradition is understood alive and widely respected.Every year on March 1, Bulgarians all over the world present each other with martenitsas, thus introducing and spreading this very Bulgarian custom, to a broader canvas of people. New year celebrations The most colorful set of winter calendar customs is that of New Years celebration. From time immemorial, the fireplace and the table spread have been symbols of generosity and abundance. The richer the spread, the more fruitful the coming year is expected to be. It is a custom observed nation-wide.The koledari would go from house to house singing carols and regard health and prosperity to the family. The koledaris dress and costume ornaments differ from region to region. This custom is characterized by extremely colorful rituality involving songs, blessings, and dances. The koledari perform on Christmas Eve as well. Having to do with the Julian and the Gregorian calendar, the customs have preserved their ori ginal vitality and are related to the anticipation of fertility. Ladouvane or Singing to RingsThis is another New Years custom, expressing an progeny girls eagerness to get married and enjoy a happy family life. Ladouvane or koumichene is a maidens rite performed on the day before New Year only in the areas of Western Bulgaria, Central Balkan Range and in some regions along the Danube River. In the rest of the country, it is celebrated on Midsummers Day. Koukeri the mummers tradition Koukerovden label the beginning of the spring calendar. Everybody makes his own mask competing to show greater personal skill and craftsmanship.Therefore, no two ritual masks are alike and the men take great pride in displaying their masks. Young men in masks, visit houses and distribute gifts as part of the tradition. Todorovden St Theodores Day St Theodores Day is celebrated six days after Shrovetide. It is also known as Horses Easter because of the clam races commonly held on that day. According to folk tradition, unsandedly married women would make a ritual Theodores round loaf of bread decorated with a dough-modelled image of a horses head.The ancient roots of this folk festival lie in Thracian mythology. The horse is a sun symbol, while the horseman is known in the Bulgarian lands through the cult of the Thracian Horseman. Trypon Zarezan Vinegrowers Day Trypon Zarezan is celebrated during the first half of February. It is an old occupation-related custom. On this day, observed throughout the country, the vines are pruned and sprinkled with wine. In some areas, a Vine King is chosen and he is crowned with a wreath of wine twigs.Blagovets annunciation Day The festival of Blagovets, celebrated on March 25, symbolizes the beginning of spring swallows returning from the southern lands. Popular Christian mythology associates the day with the story of Virgin bloody shame sitting in the garden and sewing, then leaning and smelling a sprig of basil and thus getting pregnant . Being an ancient festival, Blagovets is laden with quaint rites shrouded in popular Christianity. Easter Easter is the most revered festival in the Church calendar of Orthodox Christians.Making Easter cakes was introduced in Bulgaria as late as the 1920s, but nowadays it has a very important place in the Bulgarian peoples customs. Typical of the festival is the dying of eggs, a custom ofttimes enjoyed by all. St Georges Day St Georges Day is among the most important folk festivals. It is observed on May 6 and marks the beginning of duty activity and stock-breeding for the year. Its expressive rituality has been preserved to date.On the night before St Georges Day, young boys would pick blossoming willow twigs to decorate the house, the pens, and the livestock for health. During the night, the sheep were turned out to feed because that nights dew on the grass is believed to have a curative powers. Bulgaria could easily be called the land of festivals, with almost every other da y in the calendar being a festival of sorts. But it is the very same festivals, in all their abundance and glory, which prove to be at the core of the Bulgarian identity.Festivals are as a rule, a time when people socialize and bond, thus the plentiful festivals may explain the strong ties that Bulgarians world-wide divide with their motherland. Story telling in Bulgarian culture Humor mixed with huge dollops of wit and a fine appreciation for life is what endears the native Bulgarian story-telling to the world. Bulgarias Nasreddin Hodja is a name everybody recognizes. This witty character is always getting the better of his rival comical character Hitar Petar.In fact Hodja can be termed the classic Bulgarian who endures hardship with loads of humor, wit and resourcefulness. As regards story-telling, the Bulgarian folk tale is characterized by its interest in the magical, its commitment with various everyday life events, confronting the rich and the poor, the clever and the fool, a s well as by its abundance of candid and natural humor. The Bulgarian has a feeling for the legendary, most often associated with an old-testament imagery, and a live sense of historical narrative.Storytelling in Bulgaria is especially enticing because the folklore memory travels into the realm of magical creatures, buried treasures, heroes who save the world, vampires, angels and healing spellsall fantastic and captivating. It also reminds us of the remote roots of the Bulgarian folk culture. Chase two rabbits and you catch none Classic proverbs like this one are as much a part of the everyday experience of the Bulgarian peasant as are his folk verse, song and tale.The proverb plays a more important role in the life of the Bulgarian than it does in the peasant civilizations of other European countries. As witnessed in many other cultures of the world, the proverb is a focal point in conversation, argument or rhetoric. It is widely used to express compactly an idea or to create a me ntal image. It is a true mirror on the inner life of the people, of the conditions which prevail in their lives, of their morals and of their manners.Many Bulgarian proverbs are crudely expressed, internal evidence that they stem from the folk and are thus authentic. The proverbs also help in understanding the soul of the man who uses a particular proverb. Here is a good one An idle man makes a good prophet. Bulgarian music, folk songs and theater A Bulgarian can never be separated from his music. A character shared by the rest of the world you could say, but it is not all who share the fine appreciation for music that Bulgarians instinctively have.For a Bulgarian, life is a musical, with all its accompaniment. For him there is no plateau in life joy, sorrow, loneliness or death that exists without music and suitable lyrics. Internationally, the Bulgarian music fascinates both the general public and the experts. At the turn of the century, the Bulgarian folklore tradition was giv en some new impulses, mainly in Macedonia and Thrace. Influenced by the revolutionary reality, a considerable number of songs were created.The musical expression of this cultural system has its regional and general characteristics for example, the Rhodope song, Thracian song, Shopp song, Macedonian song, among others. But the specific Bulgarian two-voice songs, and the phenomenon of irregular beats are unique. Regional variations are not strictly delineated, but certain typical characteristics have formed several musical dialects North-Bulgarian, Dobroudjanian, Thracian, Shopp, the Pirin Mountains area, the Sredna Gora region, and Rhodopian.The distinguishing features of the Bulgarian folk song can be traced along three lines homophonic, rhythm and vocal wealth. Today the Bulgarian folk tradition is revived in the context of the specific new phenomena in music, where various styles and forms of genre meet as is witnessed in all parts of the world, in almost all cultures. In Bulgari a at the same time, there is a growing presence of performers coming from different ethnic groups, chiefly Gypsies, whose musical art has been exerting its influence on the Bulgarian folklore for a good while.What makes the Bulgarian folk song special is its rhythm and vocal wealth. They are of a caliber described by the experts as ranging from fantastic richness to primitive monotony. The extended time inherent in the folksongs are its distinguishing feature, as it is non-existent in the rest of the European music. Theater too is part of the Bulgarian love for expression. Once Bulgaria was free, its natural aptitude and love for music, drama, song and dance came to the fore.It is a fact that the musical theater in its loose form has always played a major role in Bulgarian culture. But after independence, classical operettas, revues, vaudeville, childrens plays, and modern musical comedies flourished under the sonant eyes of the Bulgarians. In a deliberate move to bring profession als together to explore this genre, the government established the State Musical Theater in 1948. The Bulgarian involvement with operetta, goes back to about seventy-five years.The State Musical Theater is the heir to a tradition that reached its high point during the 1930s. At that same time, unavowed ensembles such as the Free Theater of the Renaissance, the Cooperative Theater, and the Odeon performed numerous works for enthusiastic audiences. An impressive standard was established which is appreciated all over the world today. The Bulgarian talent in the area of music, voice and opera is legendary, with people flocking to enjoy what the masters have in store for them.Bulgarians Abroad While there were no Bulgarian political institutions during the Ottoman era, the Bulgarian culture and language were well preserved as a result of Ottoman policy, which made no real attempt at cultural, religious, or linguistic assimilation. Gradually, both the formation of crafts guilds called es nafs, whose members underwrote the promotion of Bulgarian culture, and through the medium of education, Bulgarian cultural and ethnic consciousness spread.By the 1870s, there were thousands of Bulgarians living outside of their homeland in such places as Vienna, Bucharest, Odessa, Bessarabia and Constantinople and were to be a major influence on the Bulgarian Revival. The interest toward Bulgarian folk songs and dance has been sustained in the past two decades by a number of highly professional and amateur groups American, Japanese, Dutch, Danish, among others and has culminated in the success of the Swiss recording of Le mystere des voix bulgares, followed by a worldwide tour of the Bulgarian vocal ensemble.The craving for Bulgarian folklore in the West is a fundamentally urban phenomenon. For the foreigners, the representations of Bulgarian folklore music the sound icon of Bulgarians is a fascinating one. During the 1970s, interest in Bulgarian female polyphony exploded in the light of the American folk revival and the womens liberation movement.Groups began springing up all over, at colleges and community centers, often incorporating dance as well as singing. Although in the primeval years, instructors were mostly Americans, in the past decade, since the fall of the Bulgarian communist government in 1989, more and more Bulgarian instructors have been able to come to the fall in States to teach vocal and instrumental skills. Bulgarian folk songs and performers are liked and praised ar

Professional Ethics and Toxic Waste Essay

1.Discuss why Rachel has an honorable accountability to take some action about her suspicion of the illegal dumping of toxic wastes.Rachel has an ethical responsibility to take some action about her suspicion of the illegal dumping of toxic wastes because it is illegal to begin with and even though it might only be a suspicion, if it turns out to be true, under the eyes of the law if she knew about it and did nothing, she is just as guilty as the responsible parties. She might be working for a very prominent theater but if her suspicions turn out to be true, the minute those news go human beings the firms report card will definitely suffer as will the firms employees.No employee wants to have to suffer the consequences of a wrong doing by the upper management of any firm and even more if the actions taken by the upper management are strictly illegal and they are knowingly performing such actions. Having found such incriminating note directed to the plants general manager and do ing nothing about it is like saying you are ok with the illegal activities that you think might be taking place. Rachel is the director of financial reporting, this will be a person of interest in case an investigation takes place and if the investigation finds that she knew what was going on and did nothing, it will put her in a very bad position regarding the law and future employment. Rachel definitely has an ethical responsibility to take actions in regards to her findings.2.For separately of the three alternative courses of action, explain whether the action is appropriate.Seek the advice of her boss, the vice president of finance for AlbertaThis would be an appropriate action to take. Even though she might not know if her boss is directly gnarled in the situation, going to him with the concern is proof enough that she cares about her company and doing the right thing. If her boss is not involved she might even be somehow recognized as an example employee for going forward w ith such reading and doing the right thing.Anonymously release the information to the local newspaperReleasing the information to the news anonymously is always an option even though for her specific case I would not suggest it. She has no proof that her suspicions are in fact taking place and it would be very irresponsible on her part to say her company is doing something as illegal as improperly dumping toxic waste on purpose just to save some money.Give the information to an outside instalment of Albertas board of directors, whom she knew because he lived in her neighborhoodAgain, releasing such information to an outsider without knowing if its true or not, might be irresponsible on her part because from that point on it would only be one step for a company outsider to make the information public without knowing the facts. Since in this case the outsider is a member of the board of directors, she could contact that person if she feels comfortable with him in order to discuss h er findings privately. That way she is similarly showing her commitment to doing the right thing for her company and shows her concern to do right by her as an employee.3.Assume that Rachel sought the advice of the vice president of finance and observed that he both knew about and approved of the dumping of toxic wastes. What steps should she take to resolve the conflict in this situation?If Rachel sought the advice of the vice president of finance and discovered that he both knew about and approved of the dumping of toxic wastes Im sure she will have a communication with her regarding what she just found. Rachel will have to see what he has to say about the toxic waste dumping and then make a decision regarding the halt of her findings. That decision might range from leaving the company and not reporting the incident, to staying as an employee and going directly to the appropriate agencies and reporting her findings. Whatever Rachel decides to do, she still has an ethical oblig ation to report her companys illegal activities be it to her superiors or to an agency like for example the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).

Biochemistry perspective Essay

Diabetes is an ailment which is ca apply due(p) to high amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. The main reason for high glucose levels in blood is due to the inability of body to utilize it properly. Glucose comes from the digestion of sugar and foods rich in carbohydrates that enable the liver to create glucose. The high concentration level of glucose in blood is termed as Hyperglycemia. In 1910, Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer suggested people with diabetes were deficient in a single chemical that was norm aloney produced by the pancreas. He proposed calling this substance insulin.The term is derived from the Latin insula, core island, in reference to the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that produce insulin. (Patlak, 2002) Insulin An Introduction Insulin is a polypeptide containing 51 amino acids arranged in two chains. The chain A contains 21 amino acids and chain B contains 30 residues. These two chains are cross linked by two sulphur bridges by cysteine residues. Ins ulin is operateed by proteolytic cleavage of its 84 amino acid prescursor Proinsulin. Insulin has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. It has the molecular formula C257H383N65O77S6.Insulin structure varies slightly between species. Its carbohydrate metabolism regulatory function strength in humans likewise varies. Porcine which is pig insulin is close to humans. The image above is computer-generated image of insulin hexamers. The zinc ions holding it unitedly and the histidine residues are involved in zinc binding. Insulin Action A pharmacological action of insulin includes carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, lipid metabolism and other actions. Insulin increases the use of sugar in the tissue and stimulates bringation of glucose into the cells.Insulin also stimulates protein synthesis and growth. It increases synthesis of messenger RNA and decreases gluconeogenesis. A gluconeogenesis is a formation of glucose from glycogen. It also increases amino acid uptake in the muscle. In adipose tissues, insulin increases fatty acid synthesis, glycerol phosphate synthesis and triglyceride deposition. Other action of insulin includes prevention of ketone boy formation and increases potassium uptake. After the emission of insulin from the pancreatic beta cell into the interstitial compartment, it enters the circulation after(prenominal) crossing endothelial barrier.Insulin action effect at the cellular level is achieved by activating and suppressing the natural action of enzyme. It can also be achieved by changing the rate of synthesis of enzymes at the level of transcription and translation. Insulin stimulate glucose uptake into fat cells by glucose transporters. Glucose transporters are small vesicles which contain specialised protein macromolecules. Insulin increases the rate of fusion of these vesicles with the plasm membrane, and activates the transporters to transfer glucose across the plasma membrane into the cell.Insulin synthesize hoxokinase, an enzym e which phosporylates glucose as soon as it enters the cell. Insulin is an anabolic hormone. It encourages the storage of fats and the synthesis of proteins. Each sense organ of insulin contain a equal of alpha subunits, which are located on the outer surface of the membrane, and a pair of beta subunits which crosses the membrane and stick out at both the outer and inner surfaces. Both alpha and beta subunits are held together by disulphide (S-S) bonds to form an aggregate. In humans, the insulin receptor gene is located on chromo whatever 19.Insulin binds to the receptor at a specific site on the alpha subunit. This set abouts increased phosphorylation of the receptor by ATP, mostly tyrosine residues of the intracellular portion of the beta subunit. Increased phophorylation of these tyrosine residues activates the beta subunit to function as a kinase enzyme. Some intracellular cause of insulin that occur after insulin-receptor binding may be mediate through nucleotide regulator y proteins (G proteins) a family of proteins associated with the inner surface of the plasma membrane.Cyclic AMP also has some intracellular effects of insulin. The major function of insulin is to counter the concerted action of a number of hyperglycemia-generating hormones and to maintain low blood glucose levels. Because there are many hyperglycemic hormones, untreated disorders associated with insulin generally lead to severe hyperglycemia and shortened life span. In addition to its role in regulating glucose metabolism, insulin stimulates lipogenesis, diminishes lipolysis, and increases amino acid transport into cells.Insulin also modulates transcription, altering the cell content of numerous mRNAs. It stimulates growth, DNA synthesis, and cell replication, effects that it holds in common with the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and relaxin. Specific protease activity cleaves the cracker bonbon third of the molecule, which dissociates as C peptide, leaving the amino termina l B peptide disulfide bonded to the carboxy terminal A peptide. Insulin secretion from beta cells is principally regulated by plasma glucose levels. Increased uptake of glucose by pancreatic b-cells leads to a concomitant increase in metabolism.The increase in metabolism leads to an elevation in the ATP/ adenosine diphosphate ratio. This in turn leads to an inhibition of an ATP-sensitive K+ channel. The net result is a depolarization of the cell leading to Ca2+ influx and insulin secretion. In fact, the role of K+ carry in insulin secretion presents a viable therapeutic target for treating hyperglycemia due to insulin insufficiency. Insulin, secreted by the beta-cells of the pancreas, is directly infused via the portal vein to the liver, where it exerts profound metabolic effects.These effects are the resolution of the energizing of the insulin receptor which belongs to the class of cell surface receptors that exhibit intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity as shown in the figure. Insu lin produces its action through specific insulin receptors which consist of two subunits ? and ?. Insulin receptor complex then initiates a chain of biochemical reaction involving cAMP, protein phosphorylase, protein kinase, phosphatase and lipase. A diabetic condition result when receptor of insulin is desensitization. Therefore, Insulin is used medically in diabetes mellitus.Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus depend on insulin (comm whole injected subcutaneously) for their survival because they make no hormone. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have both low insulin fruit or insulin confrontation or both. Therefore, they require insulin administration when other medications become inadequate in controlling blood glucose levels. Actions of insulin-insulin receptor interactions at the level of IRS1 and activation of the kinase cascade leading to altered activities of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase.The insulin receptor is a heterotetramer of 2 extra cellular alpha-subunits disulfide bonded to 2 transmembrane beta-subunits. With respect to hepatic glucose homeostasis, the effects of insulin receptor activation are specific phosphorylation events that lead to an increase in the storage of glucose with a concomitant decrease in hepatic glucose release to the circulation. Only those replys at the level of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are saluteed.This image shows Insulin-insulin receptor actions on glycogen homeostasis showing the role of protein targeting glycogen, PTG in complex formations involving many of the enzymes and substrates together. Also diagrammed is answer of insulin at the level of glucose transport into cells via GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. GS/GP kinase = glycogen synthase glycogen phosphorylase kinase. PPI = protein phosphatase inhibitor. Arrows denote either direction of flow or positive effects, T lines represent inhibitory effects.In most nonhepatic tissues, insulin increases glucose uptake by increasing the number of plasma membrane glucose transporters GLUTs. Glucose transporters are in a continuous state of turnover. Increases in the plasma membrane content of transporters stem from an increase in the rate of recruitment of new transporters into the plasma membrane, deriving from a special pool of preformed transporters localized in the cytoplasm. GLUT1 is present in most tissues, GLUT2 is found in liver and pancreatic b-cells, GLUT3 is in the brain and GLUT4 is found in heart, adipose tissue and impecunious muscle.In liver glucose uptake is dramatically increased because of increased activity of the enzymes glucokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), and pyruvate kinase (PK), the key regulatory enzymes of glycolysis. Lack of Insulin Usually the inefficiency and lack of insulin are bracketed together, as both situations result in diabetes. There are two types of diabetes, diabetes insipidus and diabetes melitus, which is by far, the most common. Diabetes me llitus in turn has two types Type 1, also known as insulin qualified diabetes mellitus, IDDMType 1 is characterized by decreased productions of insulin so must be treated with insulin. It is most often found in children and adolescents. Type 2, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes melitus, NIDDM Type 2 is caused by either decreased insulin production or abnormal cell sensitiveness to the insulin that is present. It may be treated with diet alone, with oral hypoglycemic agents, or with insulin. It is much commonly diagnosed in adults. (Perspective Press, 240-43) Insulin does not cure diabetes. It is merely a treatment for the diabetes. over time, many complications can occur in diabetic patients taking insulin.Some of these are coronary heart diseases, peripheral vascular diabetes, eye disorders, renal failure, and branch amputations. Because of reduced circulation and nerve damage, diabetic patients are essentially prone to developing find fault ulcers, a major cause o f amputations. They are able to feel foot infections, which allow it to grow and cause permanent damage. Proper foot care is essential and includes bending injuries oral restricting circulations, cleaning wounds, controlling infections, relieving weight from the ulcer area, and astir(p) circulation.A new genetically engineered drug, becaplermin, promotes the healing process in diabetic foot ulcer. Lack of insulin or ineffectiveness of it may trigger some response from the body. The predominant tissue responding to signals that indicates fluctuating blood glucose levels is the liver. One of the most important functions of the liver is to produce glucose for circulation. Both elevated and reduced levels of blood glucose trigger hormonal responses to initiate pathways designed to restore glucose homeostasis. Low blood glucose triggers release of glucagon from pancreatic Alpha-cells.High blood glucose triggers release of insulin from pancreatic Beta-cells. In elderly people pancreas e ither fails or does not secrete right amount of insulin. In this patient insulin per guesswork becomes drug of choice when oral antidiabetics have failed. Insulin was also used to form shocks in schizophrenics. Insulin secretion is controlled by concentrations circulating glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, various hormones and neuron-transmitter agents. In the fasting state, when glucose concentrations are low, insulin secretion is minimal.As glucose concentrations rise after the utilizing carbohydrates meal the raised glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion. Insulin resistance develops over time. Therefore, doses have to be increased. This occurs because of the development of insulin antibodies in the blood. This also can be somewhat corrected by changing the type of insulin injection and by giving cortiscosteroids which are immunity suppressant drugs. Yet, it also produces negative effect by increasing blood sugar and this is why they are not used. Types of Insul inThere are many types of insulin and many salt forms of it. It can be derived synthetically of from different animal sources such as boeuf and pork. There is now genetically engineered human insulin available. Different insulin differs in the onset of action and the duration of action. Some are mixed together to achieve a desired effect such as a quick onset but a longer duration of action. The most common mixtures is regular insulin with NPH insulin (70units NPH and 30 units regular insulin per milliliter) The different categories of insulins are 1.Short-acting insulin types regular insulin (crystalline zinc insulin), semilente insulin (prompt insulin zinc suspension), insulin lipsor 2. Intermediate acting insulin types NPH (isophane insulin suspension) and linte insulin (insulin zinc suspension) 3. Long-acting insulin types PZI (protamine zinc insulin suspension) and ultralente insulin (extended insulin zinc suspension). Administration Insulin is injection instead of giving ora lly because it is washed-up in the gastrointestinal tract. Also, the molecule is too large to be absorbed by the intestinal membrane.Therefore, injection of alcohol-soluble crystalline insulin is apt(p) by subcutaneous injection which is quickly absorbed. Peak effects of insulin are achieved quickly and also excreted quickly within a few hours. However some insulin such as simelente is absorbed slowly. The peak is reached slowly and is sustained. This type of insulin excretion is also very slow and sometimes partly destroyed by insulinase enzyme in the liver. Controlling glucose level with insulin injections is a complex task since a) Glucose concentrations fluctuate based on food ingestion. b) Cell sensitivity to insulin changes.Exercise increases sensitivity while stress, pregnancy, and some drug decrease insulin sensitivity. As a result some diabetic patients take multiple injections for a short-acting insulin preparation to produce peaks in insulin concentrations and a long a cting formulation to establish a baseline concentration. Variable rate infusion pumps are also used. Patients who use insulin need to be instructed on the rotation method of taking their medication. Insulin is absorbed more rapidly with administration in the arm or thigh, especially with exercise. The abdomen is used for more consistent absorption.Glucose levels should be checked as per physician orders. All insulin must be checked for expiration date and clarity of the solution. Insulin should not be given if it appears cloudy. Vials should not be shaken but rotated in between the hands to mix contents. If regular insulin is to be mixed with NPH or lente insulin, the regular insulin should be drawn into the syringe first. Unopened vials should be stored in the refrigerator, and freezing should be avoided. The vial in use can be stored at room temperature. Vials should not be put in glove compartments, suitcase, or trunks.Humulin is a new type of insulin and is often the patients pr eference because it can be taken orally. It is imperative that the physician be called if any adverse reactions to the medications are observed. (Jahangir Moini, P 150-154) Undesirable Effects Insulin The main undesirable effect of insulin is hypoglycemia. This is common, and can cause brain damage. Intensive insulin therapy results in a threefold increase in severe hypoglycemia. The treatment of hypoglycemic is to take a sweet drink or snack, or, if the patient is unconscious, to give intravenous glucose (50% w/v solution) or intramuscular glucagon.Rebound hypergly (Somogyi effect) can follow excessive insulin administration. This results from the release of the insulin-opposing or counter-regulatory hormones in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. This can cause hypercemia before breakfast following an unrecognized hypoglycemic attack during sleep in the early hours of the morning. It is essential to recognize this possibility to avoid the mistake of increasing (rather than r educing) the dose of insulin in this situation. Allergy to insulin is unusual but may take the form of local or systemic reactions.Severe insulin resistance as a consequence of antibody formation is rare. A high tire of circulating anti-insulin antibodies is more likely to occur with bovine than with porcine insulin. Note, however, that virtually all patients treated with animal insulin have antibodies against the hormone, albeit usually flow. Human insulin is less immunogenic than animal insulin but may still evoke an antibody response, since the source of the hormone is not the only determinant of immunogenicity insulin undergo physical changes before and after injection which can increase their potential for provoking an immune response.(HP Rang et al, 200-270) References 1. Patlak M. 2002. New weapons to combat an ancient disease treating diabetes. Available on http//www. fasebj. org/cgi/content/full/16/14/1853e 2. Perspective Press. 2003. The chemists Technician 1st edition Mor ton Publishers. P 240- 243. 3. Jahangir Moini. 2005. Comprehensive Exam Review for the Pharmacy Technician Thomson Delmar. P 150-154 4. H. P. Rang, M. Maureen Dale, James M. Ritter, Philip Moore. 2001. Pharmacology Churchill Livingstone. P 200-270

Awarness and Attitude of Primary Teachers Essay

Child Rights A GistThe Convention on the Rights of the Child defines basic veraciouss of baberen application multiple needs and issues. India endorsed it on December 11, 1992. Following are a few covers in the immediate purview of Smile Foundation as wholesome as India. The regenerate to didactics method 50% of Indian children aged 6-18 do not go to rail Dropout rates increase alarmingly in curriculum III to V, its 50% for boys, 58% for lady friends. The ripe(p) to Expression Every child has a recompense to express himself freely in which ever way he likes. Majority of children however are exploited by their elders and not allowed to express. The right to In corpseation Every child has a right to know his basic rights and his status in the society. High incidence of illiteracy and ignorance among the deprived and deprived children prevents them from having access to information about them and their society. The right to Nutrition More than 50% of Indias children are ma lnourished. While one in every five adolescent boys is malnourished, one in every two girls in India is undernourished. The right to Health & Care 58% of Indias children below the age of 2 long time are not fully vaccinated.And 24% of these children do not receive any form of vaccination. oer 60% of children in India are anemic. 95 in every 1000 children born in India, do not see their fifth birthday. 70 in every 1000 children born in India, do not see their startle birthday. The right to fosterion from Abuse There are approximately 2 cardinal child commercial sex workers between the age of 5 and 15 years and about 3.3 million between 15 and 18 years. They form 40% of the total population of commercial sex workers in India. 500,000 children are forced into this trade every year. The right to protection from Exploitation 17 million children in India work as per official estimates. A study found that children were sent to work by compulsion and not by choice, mostly by parents, but with recruiter playing a crucial place in influencing decision. When working outside the family, children put in an average of 21 hours of labour per week.Poor and bonded families oft sell their children to contractors who promise lucrative jobs in the cities and the children end up being employed in brothels, hotels and domestic work. Many run away and find a disembodied spirit on the streets. The right to protection from Neglect Every child has a right to lead a come up saved and secure life away from neglect. However, children working under exploitative and inhuman conditions get neglectedbadly. The right to Development Every child has the right to development that lets the child research her/his full potential. Unfavourable living conditions of underprivileged children prevents them from growing in a free and uninhibited way.The right to Recreation Every child has a right to spend some cadence on recreational pursuits like sports, entertainment and hobbies to explore and develop. Majority of poor children in India do not get time to spend on recreational activities. The right to Name & Nationality Every child has a right to identify himself with a nation. A vast majority of underprivileged children in India are treated like commodities and exported to other countries as labour or prostitutes. The right to Survival Of the 12 million girls born in India, 3 million do not see their fifteenth birthday, and a million of them are unable to survive even their first birthday. Every sixth girl childs death is due to gender discrimination. Child Rights in India An IntroductionIndia is a party to the UN declaration on the Rights of the Child 1959. Accordingly, it adopted a National Policy on Children in 1974. The policy reaffirmed the constitutional provisions for adequate services to children, both before and after birth and by the finale of growth to insure their full physical, mental and social development. Accordingly, the giving medication is taking a ction to review the national and republic legislation and bring it in beginning with the provisions of the Convention. It has similarly developed appropriate monitoring procedures to assess progress in implementing the Convention-involving various stake holders in the society.India is also a signatory to the cosmea Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children. In pursuance of the commitment made at the World Summit, the Department of Women and Child Development under the Ministry of tender Resource Development has formulated a National Plan of action at law for Children. Most of the recommendations of the World Summit Action Plan are reflected in Indias National Plan of Action- keeping in mind the needs, rights and aspirations of 300 million children in the country. The priority areas in the Plan are health, nutrition, fosterage, water, sanitation and environment. The Plan gives supernumerary consideration to children in difficult circumstances and aim s at providing a framework, for actualization of the objectives of the Convention in the Indian context.Status of Children inIndiaRecent UNICEF (2005) report on the ground of the instaurations children under the title Childhood Under Threat , speaking about India, states that millions of Indian children are equally deprived of their rights to survival, health, nutrition, teaching method and safe drinking water. It is reported that 63 per cent of them go to bed hungry and 53 per cent suffer from chronic malnutrition. The report says that 147 million children expect in kuchcha houses, 77 million do not use drinking water from a tap, 85 million are not being immunized, 27 million are severely underweight and 33 million have never been to school. It estimates that 72 million children in India between five and 14 years do not have access to basic direction. A girl child is the worst victim as she is often neglected and is discriminated against because of the preference for a boy chi ld.National military mission for Protection of Child RightsIn order to ensure child rights practices and in response to Indias commitment to UN declaration to this effect, the government of India set up a National Commission for Protection of Child Rights.The Commission is a statutory body notified under an Act of the Parliament on December 29, 2006. Besides the chairperson, it will have six members from the fields of child health, rearing, childcare and development, juvenile justice, children with disabilities, voidance of child labour, child psychology or sociology and laws relating to children. The Commission has the power to inquire into complaints and take suo motu notice of matters relating to deprivation of childs rights and non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children among other things. Aimed at examining and reviewing the safeguards provided by the law to protect child rights, the Commission will recommend measures for their effective implementation.It will suggest amendments, if needed, and look into complaints or take suo motu notice of cases of violation of the constitutional and legal rights of children. The Commission is to ensure tight-laced enforcement of child rights and effective implementation of laws and broadcasts relating to children- enquiring into complaints and take suo motucognizance of matters relating to deprivation of child rights non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children and non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions aimed at their eudaemonia and announcing relief for children and issuing remedial measures to the state governments. Convention on the Rights of the ChildAdopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly steadiness 44/25 of 20 November 1989 Right to knowledgeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation, searchThe right to facts of life is a universal entitlement to education, a right that is recognized as a human right. According to the International contract on Economic, companionable and heathenish Rights the right to education includes the right to free, compulsory principal(a) education for all1, an compact to develop collateral education accessible to all, in particular by the progressive introduction of free secondhand education2, as well as an obligation to develop equitable access to higher education, ideally by the progressive introduction of free higher education.3 The right to education also includes a responsibility to provide basic education for individuals who have not completed primary education. In addition to these access to education provisions, the right to education encompasses the obligation to rule out discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum measuring sticks and to improve quality of education.4 International legal basisThe right to education is law in hold 26 of the Universal Declaration of Hu man Rights and Articles 200 and 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.567 The right to education has been reaffirmed in the 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in fostering and the 1981 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.8 In Europe, Article 2 of the first Protocol of 20 March 1952 to the European Convention on Human Rights states that the right to education is recognized as a human right and is understood to establish an entitlement to education.According to the InternationalCovenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the right to education includes the right to free, compulsory primary education for all, an obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all in particular by the progressive introduction of free secondary education, as well as an obligation to develop equitable access to higher education in particular by the progressive introduction of free higher education. The righ t to education also includes a responsibility to provide basic education for individuals who have not completed primary education. In addition to these access to education provisions, the right to education encompasses also the obligation to eliminate discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum root wordards and to improve quality. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg has applied this norm for example in the Belgian linguistic case.9 Article 10 of the European Social Charter guarantees the right to vocational education.10 DefinitionEducation narrowly refers to formal institutional instructions. Generally, international instruments use the term in this sense and the right to education, as protect by international human rights instruments, refers in the first place to education in a narrow sense. The 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education defines education in Article 1(2) as all types and levels of education, (including) ac cess to education, the standard and quality of education, and the conditions under which it is given.11 In a wider sense education may describe all activities by which a human group transmits to its descendants a body of knowledge and skills and a moral code which enable the group to subsist.11 In this sense education refers to the transmission to a ulterior coevals of those skills needed to perform tasks of daily living, and further passing on the social, cultural, spiritual and philosophical values of the particular community.The wider meaning of education has been recognised in Article 1(a) of UNESCOs 1974 Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.12 The article states that education implies the entire process of social life by means of which individuals and social groups learn to develop consciously within, and for the benefit of, the national and international com munities, the whole of their personalcapabilities, attitudes, aptitudes and knowledge.11 The European Court of Human Rights has defined education in a narrow sense as teaching or instructions in particular to the transmission of knowledge and to intellectual development and in a wider sense as the whole process whereby, in any society, adults endeavour to transmit their beliefs, culture and other values to the young.11 Assessment of terminusThe fulfilment of the right to education can be assessed using the 4 As framework, which asserts that for education to be a meaningful right it must be available, accessible, welcome and adaptable. The 4 As framework was developed by the former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, Katarina Tomasevski, but is not necessarily the standard used in every international human rights instrument and hence not a generic guide to how the right to education is treated under national law.13The 4 As framework proposes that governments, as the pr ime duty-bearer, has to respect, protect and fulfil the right to education by making education available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. The framework also places duties on other stakeholders in the education process the child, which as the privileged subject of the right to education has the duty to comply with compulsory education requirements, the parents as the first educators, and professional educators, namely teachers.13 The 4 As have been further elaborated as follows14* Availability funded by governments, education is universal, free and compulsory. There should be proper infrastructure and facilities in place with adequate books and materials for students. Buildings should meet both safety and sanitation standards, such as having clean drinking water. Active recruitment, proper teaching and appropriate retention methods should ensure that enough qualified staff is available at each school. 15 * Accessibility all children should have equal access to school service s regardless of gender, race, religion, ethnicity or socio-economic status. Efforts should be made to ensure the inclusion of marginalized groups including children of refugees, the homeless or those with disabilities. There should be no forms of segregation or defense mechanism of access to any students.This includes ensuring that proper laws are in place against any childlabour or exploitation to prevent children from obtaining primary or secondary education. Schools must be within a reasonable distance for children within the community, otherwise transportation should be provided to students, particularly those that might live in bucolic areas, to ensure ways to school are safe and convenient. Education should be affordable to all, with textbooks, supplies and uniforms provided to students at no additional appeals. 16 * Acceptability the quality of education provided should be free of discrimination, relevant and culturally appropriate for all students.Students should not be expected to conform to any specific religious or ideological views. Methods of teaching should be objective and unbiased and material available should reflect a wide array of ideas and beliefs. Health and safety should be emphasized within schools including the elimination of any forms of corporal punishment. Professionalism of staff and teachers should be maintained.17 * Adaptability educational programs should be flexible and able to adjust according to societal changes and the needs of the community. Observance of religious or cultural holidays should be respected by schools in order to accommodate students, along with providing adequate care to those students with disabilities. 18 A number of international NGOs and charities work to put one across the right to education using a rights-establish approach to development.citation neededHistorical developmentIn Europe, before the Enlightenment of the eighteenth and nineteenth coke, education was the responsibility of parents and the church. With the french and American Revolution education was established also as a prevalent function. It was thought that the state, by assuming a more than active role in the sphere of education, could help to make education available and accessible to all. Education had thus far been primarily available to the upper social classes and public education was perceived as a means of realising the egalitarian ideals underlining both revolutions.19 However, neither the American Declaration of Independence (1776) nor the French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) protected the right to education as the liberal concepts of human rights in the nineteenth century envisaged that parents retained the primary duty for providing education to their children. It was the states obligation to ensure that parents complied with this duty, and many a(prenominal) statesenacted legislation making school attendance compulsory.Furthermore child labour laws were enacted to limit the number o f hours per day children could be employed, to ensure children would attend school. resigns also became pertain in the legal regulation of curricula and established minimum educational standards.20 In On Liberty John Stuart Mill wrote that an education established and controlled by the State should only exist, if it exists at all, as one among many competing experiments, carried on for the purpose of example and stimulus to keep the others up to a certain standard of excellence. complimentary thinkers of the nineteenth century pointed to the dangers to too much state involvement in the sphere of education, but relied on state hinderance to reduce the dominance of the church, and to protect the right to education of children against their own parents. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, educational rights were included in domestic bills of rights.21The 1849 Paulskirchenverfassung, the constitution of the German Empire, strongly influenced subsequent European constitutio ns and devoted Article 152 to 158 of its bill of rights to education. The constitution recognised education as a function of the state, independent of the church. Remarkable at the time, the constitution title the right to free education for the poor, but the constitution did not explicitly require the state to set up educational institutions. Instead the constitution protected the rights of citizens to found and operate schools and to provide home education. The constitution also provided for freedom of science and teaching, and it guaranteed the right of everybody to choose a vocation and train for it.22 The nineteenth century also saw the development of socialist possibleness, which held that the primary task of the state was to ensure the economic and social well-being of the community through government intervention and regulation.Socialist theory recognised that individuals had claims to basic welfare services against the state and education was viewed as one of these welfar e entitlements. This was in contrast to liberal theory at the time, which regarded non-state actors as the prime providers of education. Socialist ideals were enshrined in the 1936 Soviet Constitution, which was the first constitution to recognise the right to education with a corresponding obligation of the state to provide such education. The constitution guaranteed free and compulsory education at all levels, a system of state scholarships and vocational training in stateenterprises. Subsequently the right to education featured strongly in the constitutions of socialist states.23 As a political goal, right to education was declared in F. D. Roosevelts 1944 speech on the Second Bill of Rights.ImplementationInternational law does not protect the right to pre-primary education and international documents generally omit references to education at this level.24 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to education, hence the right applies to all ind ividuals, although children are understood as the main beneficiaries.25 The rights to education are detached into three levels* Primary (Elemental or Fundamental) Education. This shall be compulsory and free for any child regardless of their nationality, gender, place of birth, or any other discrimination. Upon ratifying the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights States must provide free primary education within two years. * Secondary (or Elementary, Technical and Professional in the UDHR) Education must be generally available and accessible. * Higher Education (at the University Level) should be provided according to capacity. That is, anyone who meets the necessary education standards should be able to go to university. Both secondary and higher education shall be made accessible by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education.26 Compulsory educationThe realisation of the right to education on a national leve l may be achieved through compulsory education, or more specifically free compulsory primary education, as stated in both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.2728 Action For Children (AFC)Action for Children (AFC) conceptualised by Wild Ganzen and supported by Net4Kids and Kids Rights aims at involving privileged citizens, civil society groups and various institutions including corporates in the development process.This programme supported by the Dutch Government promoted consortium (Wild Ganzen, Net4Kids and Kids Rights) has given a boost to the initiative. The programme is being implemented in three developing economies of the world namely Brazil, South Africa and India. Smile Foundation joined hands with the Consortium in April 2008 and since then has been executing the programme in India. The objective is to stimulate more fortunate mass to be a part of the development process and ensure sustainability of grassroots initiatives across India. Through AFC, Smile Foundation encourages people to stand up and act to bring a change in the lives of underprivileged children and youth.Action For Children is based on the concept that development is a peoples issue and not just the governments concern. With this premise, the Foundation has been striving to build a civil society that owes responsibility for societal development and participate whole-heartedly in transforming the lives of underprivileged children. Through AFC, Smile Foundation encourages individuals, civil society groups, corporate houses, professional associations, schools, colleges, youth wings to participate in the development process. The Action for Children programme sensitizes and involves the fortunate mass through1. Local ActionsLocal Action connotes organizing an event to raise funds for a child centric project. It can be organised by individuals, groups and institutions in their region. Local action aims at sensitiza tion and consequent involvement of the privileged mass in raising funds for children through various activities2. KidsXLKidsXL is a school exchange programme wherein children of privileged school and underprivileged school are brought together under one platform. Several interactional sessions and special activities are organized for the children. KidsXL aims at bringing the children from both the segments closer, thereby reducing social disparities. In the process, the children also learn to be sensitive and liable towards the society3. Media AdvocacyThe aim is to involve media in creating awareness among the people and advocating the cause before a wide audience. The Foundation sensitizespeople through documentaries, overt Service Advertisements, news features, advocacy campaigns, rallies etc.4. Corporate Social ResponsibilityCSR aims at sensitising and involving corporates in the development process. It gives the corporates an opportunity to give back to the society. It is bas ed on a partnership model wherein corporates partner with Smile Foundation either to support the whole or a part of capital cost or running cost of a child centric project. The inherent objective of the programme is to ensure that the development activities become locally sustainable.